一、前言
阅读分为四个层次:词、句、段、章。同学们一般习惯于以词为单位阅读,所以遇到存在“生词”的句子就无从下手了。其实阅读的真正障碍并不在于“生词”,而在于“难句”,因为难句即使每个单词都认识,只要“结构”复杂,可能也读不懂。反之,一旦能够把握“结构”,就可以忽略生词,掌握大意,从而实现 “无词阅读”的境界。为此,本人特意为广大同学制作了这一套“难句随身卡”(包括基础篇和提高篇)。
二、难句的构成
英语的难句=主句+从句+短语,不同于汉语的句子全是简单句,没有复杂句。如果把英语的难句比喻成大树,那么主句相当于树干,从句相当于树枝,而短语相当于叶子。只要把握主句,就可理解大意。相比之下,汉语的句子就好比是竹子,一节一节的。
因此,我们在理解英语难句的时候要学会“拆”——把复杂句拆成简单句来理解。也就是说,要学会抓住“树干”,拆掉“枝叶”。
三、怎样“拆”
任何句子都必须有谓语动词,所以找到一个谓语动词就可以拆下来一个句子。因此,理解难句的基本步骤是:1)识别出有哪几个谓语动词;2)找出主句的谓语动词,先理解主句;3)再去理解从句和短语。
四、符号说明
1.谓语动词用黑体的斜体字表示,例如:Everyone should know …。
2.从句的引导词用方框表示,例如:where the nearest fire alarm box is located。
3.从句用横线表示,例如:where the nearest fire alarm box is located,表示where引导的从句。
4.插入语成分用括号表示,例如:Keeping your head, (instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit), may make the difference between…
第二章 插入结构
本章难句列表:
1.A child hears it spoken from morning till night and, (what is more important), always in its genuine form, with the right pronunciation, right intonation, right use of words and right structure.
结构:共有2个谓语动词,其中主句的是hears。(what is more)是插入语,而插入语并不重要。所以要先理解插入语两端的内容,再理解插入语。因此,对于插入语,我们的处理方法是:“先读两端,再读中间”。 with后面的right…right…and right…是并列结构。
翻译:儿童从早到晚都能听到别人在讲(母语),而且更重要的是,听到的总是一种正确的发音、语调、用词以及语法结构的纯正语言。
2.Work, (for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under), involves responsibility for a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well.
结构:只有一个谓语动词:involves。(for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under)是插入语。本句的主干为:Work involves responsibility。for后面的内容修饰responsibility,而a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well为并列结构。
翻译:对于大多数美国和中国的55岁或者以下的妇女而言,工作的全部职责包括了负责家务、照顾孩子以及在家务之外还要上班。
3.Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he could contact by radio, (unless there was a ship nearby), would be on an island 885 miles away.
结构:共有5个谓语动词,主句谓语动词为could not help。that引导think的宾语从句。could contact属于定于从句,省略了引导词,修饰person。unless引导条件状语从句,为插入语。拆分为:
1) Still, he could not help thinking.
2) That if anything should happen.
3) The nearest person would be on … away.
4) he could contact the person.
5) Unless there was a ship nearby.
翻译:他仍然忍不住想到,如果发生了什么意外,那么除非附近有条船,否则他能用电台联系到的最近的人也885英里之外的岛屿上。
4.Yet this other life has its interests, its enjoyments, its satisfaction, and, (at certain rare intervals), a peaceful glow or a sudden excitement.
结构:只有1个谓语动词:has。its…, its…, its…, and a…or a…是并列结构,作为has的宾语。(at certain rare intervals)是插入语。
翻译:然而,这另一种生活也有其情趣、快乐、满足,而且也偶尔伴随着平静的喜悦或者突如其来的激动。
5.Our knowledge of social systems, (therefore), (while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate), is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries.
结构:共有2个谓语动词,其中is not是主句的谓语动词。while引导的让步状语从句,作为插入语,分隔了主语和系动词。拆分为:
一、前言
阅读分为四个层次:词、句、段、章。同学们一般习惯于以词为单位阅读,所以遇到存在“生词”的句子就无从下手了。其实阅读的真正障碍并不在于“生词”,而在于“难句”,因为难句即使每个单词都认识,只要“结构”复杂,可能也读不懂。反之,一旦能够把握“结构”,就可以忽略生词,掌握大意,从而实现 “无词阅读”的境界。为此,本人特意为广大同学制作了这一套“难句随身卡”(包括基础篇和提高篇)。
二、难句的构成
英语的难句=主句+从句+短语,不同于汉语的句子全是简单句,没有复杂句。如果把英语的难句比喻成大树,那么主句相当于树干,从句相当于树枝,而短语相当于叶子。只要把握主句,就可理解大意。相比之下,汉语的句子就好比是竹子,一节一节的。
因此,我们在理解英语难句的时候要学会“拆”——把复杂句拆成简单句来理解。也就是说,要学会抓住“树干”,拆掉“枝叶”。
三、怎样“拆”
任何句子都必须有谓语动词,所以找到一个谓语动词就可以拆下来一个句子。因此,理解难句的基本步骤是:1)识别出有哪几个谓语动词;2)找出主句的谓语动词,先理解主句;3)再去理解从句和短语。
四、符号说明
1.谓语动词用黑体的斜体字表示,例如:Everyone should know …。
2.从句的引导词用方框表示,例如:where the nearest fire alarm box is located。
3.从句用横线表示,例如:where the nearest fire alarm box is located,表示where引导的从句。
4.插入语成分用括号表示,例如:Keeping your head, (instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit), may make the difference between…
第二章 插入结构
本章难句列表:
1.A child hears it spoken from morning till night and, (what is more important), always in its genuine form, with the right pronunciation, right intonation, right use of words and right structure.
结构:共有2个谓语动词,其中主句的是hears。(what is more)是插入语,而插入语并不重要。所以要先理解插入语两端的内容,再理解插入语。因此,对于插入语,我们的处理方法是:“先读两端,再读中间”。 with后面的right…right…and right…是并列结构。
翻译:儿童从早到晚都能听到别人在讲(母语),而且更重要的是,听到的总是一种正确的发音、语调、用词以及语法结构的纯正语言。
2.Work, (for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under), involves responsibility for a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well.
结构:只有一个谓语动词:involves。(for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under)是插入语。本句的主干为:Work involves responsibility。for后面的内容修饰responsibility,而a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well为并列结构。
翻译:对于大多数美国和中国的55岁或者以下的妇女而言,工作的全部职责包括了负责家务、照顾孩子以及在家务之外还要上班。
3.Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he could contact by radio, (unless there was a ship nearby), would be on an island 885 miles away.
结构:共有5个谓语动词,主句谓语动词为could not help。that引导think的宾语从句。could contact属于定于从句,省略了引导词,修饰person。unless引导条件状语从句,为插入语。拆分为:
1) Still, he could not help thinking.
2) That if anything should happen.
3) The nearest person would be on … away.
4) he could contact the person.
5) Unless there was a ship nearby.
翻译:他仍然忍不住想到,如果发生了什么意外,那么除非附近有条船,否则他能用电台联系到的最近的人也885英里之外的岛屿上。
4.Yet this other life has its interests, its enjoyments, its satisfaction, and, (at certain rare intervals), a peaceful glow or a sudden excitement.
结构:只有1个谓语动词:has。its…, its…, its…, and a…or a…是并列结构,作为has的宾语。(at certain rare intervals)是插入语。
翻译:然而,这另一种生活也有其情趣、快乐、满足,而且也偶尔伴随着平静的喜悦或者突如其来的激动。
5.Our knowledge of social systems, (therefore), (while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate), is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries.
结构:共有2个谓语动词,其中is not是主句的谓语动词。while引导的让步状语从句,作为插入语,分隔了主语和系动词。拆分为:
1) Our knowledge of social systems is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries.
2) While it is in many ways extremely inaccurate.
翻译:因此,虽然在很多方面,我们对社会体制的认识极度不准确,但是这些认识并不能够被新的发现所正式推翻。
6.However, self-fulfillment is important to morality because unfulfilled citizens, (no matter how virtuous), can not perform the duties morality assigns them.
结构:共有2个谓语动词,其中is是主句的谓语动词。because引导原因状语从句。(no matter how virtuous)是插入语,分隔了从句的主语和谓语。拆分为:
1) Self-fulfillment is important to morality.
2) Because unfulfilled citizens can not perform the duties morality assigns them.
翻译:然而,自我实现对于道德而言至关重要,因为没有自我实现的公民,无论多么有道德,都无法履行道德赋予他们的义务。
1) Our knowledge of social systems is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries.
2) While it is in many ways extremely inaccurate.
翻译:因此,虽然在很多方面,我们对社会体制的认识极度不准确,但是这些认识并不能够被新的发现所正式推翻。
6.However, self-fulfillment is important to morality because unfulfilled citizens, (no matter how virtuous), can not perform the duties morality assigns them.
结构:共有2个谓语动词,其中is是主句的谓语动词。because引导原因状语从句。(no matter how virtuous)是插入语,分隔了从句的主语和谓语。拆分为:
1) Self-fulfillment is important to morality.
2) Because unfulfilled citizens can not perform the duties morality assigns them.
翻译:然而,自我实现对于道德而言至关重要,因为没有自我实现的公民,无论多么有道德,都无法履行道德赋予他们的义务。
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