考试日期：2010年1月9日Reading passage one
Title：海水的利用
大致内容：
关于怎样应对地中海地区缺水的情况，讲一个利用地壳的热能供水的project,怎样利用海水，利用地热方法提取海水，得到饮用水，以及这个方法带来的其它的好处.境空的内容有mineralextraction,crust，grid, operatingcost;是非无判断:NG(上一个工程的失败可以避免)F(当地人一开始很支持这个project) T(这个机构还用了一些别的措施来帮助当地人)NC.(local audnrities campaigned against theproject)
雅思时事阅读：中国水问题的希望——海水淡化
More government support, including subsidies and a favorable pricingmechanism, is neededfor the country to use desalinated seawater to quench itsthirst, a top industry expert said.
"The lack of an effective pricing mechanism for desalinated water andsupport for an operablepolicy is affecting the development of the country's seadesalination industry," said Li Linmei,director of the State OceanicAdministration's Institute of Seawater Desalination andMultipurpose Utilizationin Tianjin.
The country aims to produce 2.2 million cubic meters of desalinatedseawater daily in 2015,about three times current capacity, according to aNational Development and ReformCommission plan released last year.
Current domestic water prices range from 2.4 yuan to 4.9 yuan a metric tonin the coastalregions, while the price of water for industry ranges from 3.3yuan to 7.9 yuan a ton, accordingto ChinaWaterNet.
However, desalination plants can produce 674,000 tons daily at a cost ofabout 5 yuan ($0.80)a ton - not including infrastructure such as pipelines.
Li said the government should consider bringing desalinated water into thewater grid.
Aside from subsidies and funding for pilot programs, Li believesdesalination is a key part ofwater security.
"The seawater desalination industry is as important as water conservancyprojects for China tocope with its water shortage," Li said.
China suffers from severe water shortages, nearly 54 billion cubic meterson average everyyear. This means that more than 66 percent of cities experiencewater shortages.
To compound that difficulty, water consumption is expected to surge toabout 700 billion cubicmeters in 2030, up from 600 billion cubic meters.
Facing such a severe shortage, authorities are taking measures.
In March, the NDRC identified the regions and companies selected to carryout the firstdesalination projects, including heavily populated areas such asZhejiang and Hebei provinces,and the municipalities of Shenzhen and Tianjin.
The commission asked regions and companies to encourage desalinated wateruse forindustrial and domestic purposes.
The industry is expected to get a 10-billion-yuan boost from the plan.
Li said the policy showed the country's determination and confidence inboosting the industry.
Key technology
Reverse osmosis technology and other areas of development vital fordesalination have beenmastered, Li said.
Osmosis technology pushes water under high pressure through fine membranes,filtering thesalt.
Coupled with the distilling process of high-pressure steam and evaporators,this means that thetechnology is, in more ways than one, on tap.
The country has 16 seawater desalination plants with a daily capacity ofmore than 10,000metric tons of fresh water, according to the NDRC.
"Although we have made great progress in technology, large-scale plants inChina still dependon foreign technology," Li said.
Desalination is used in more than 150 countries to supply water to morethan 200 millionpeople.
The Tianjin Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilizationis strengtheninginternational cooperation to raise China's domestic seawaterdesalination technology and boostexports, Li said.
There are concerns about the potential environmental effects of large-scaleseawaterdesalination plants, especially wastewater discharges.
Li said the government should launch an environmental assessment before anymajor upgrade.
尽管中国已将海水淡化视为解决沿海未来淡水资源短缺的措施之一，但是业内专家认为，淡化水的广泛应用仍存在一定难度。
国家海洋局天津海水淡化与综合利用研究所所长李琳梅在接受本报专访时指出，“尚未形成有效淡化水价格机制以及缺乏具体可操作的优惠政策在一定程度上影响了中国海水淡化产业的发展。”
相关数据显示，我国海水淡化装机能力为67.4m3/d，海水淡化水综合成本价格约为5元/吨左右。
中国水网显示目前我国沿海居民生活用水价格介于为2.4元/吨~4.9元/吨;工业用水价格3.3元/吨~7.85元/吨。与自来水相比，淡化水显然没有价格优势。
李琳梅提出，为了促进中国海水淡化产业的发展，国家首先要将海水淡化水视为保障国家水资源安全的重要组成，将淡化水纳入国家水资源配置体系和区域水资源规划。同时，政府应为公益性海水淡化工程提供补贴。
根据去年国家发展改革委员会发布的《海水淡化产业发展“十二五”规划》，到2015年，海水淡化产能规模将达到220万立方米/日以上，约为目前产能的3倍。
该规划还提出，到2015年，海水淡化对解决海岛新增供水量的贡献率达到50%以上，对沿海缺水地区新增工业供水量的贡献率达到15%以上。
李琳梅指出，目前中国海水淡化技术发展已基本成熟，但其市场的培育和发展需要实质性的产业政策支持。
她认为国家财政应设立专项资金，用于支持具有自主创新的海水淡化技术及其规模化示范的试点项目。
李琳梅说：“作为中国应对水资源短缺的措施，海水淡化与水资源保护同等重要。”
根据水利部发布的统计数据，我国年平均缺水量接近540亿立方米，66%以上的城市受到水资源短缺的困扰。
水资源缺口仍在不断扩大。到2030年，年水资源消耗量将由目前的600亿立方米增至7000亿立方米。
面对如此严峻的水资源短缺，国家开始采取措施以推动海水淡化产业发展。
三月份，国家发改委公布了第一批海水淡化工程试点区域和企业，浙江、河北、深圳和天津均榜上有名。
发改委要求试点区域和企业积极促进将淡化水应用于工业和住宅。
国家发改委预计，海水淡化设备的快速发展将使该行业年均增长达10亿元。
李琳梅说，这些政策初步显示了国家推动海水淡化产业发展的决心和信心。
中国海水淡化技术
李琳梅说，经过50多年的研究，我国已经掌握了反渗透海水淡化技术和低温多效蒸馏海水淡化技术。
反渗透技术利用高压推动水通过膜分离出盐，而低温多效蒸馏则由多级组成，通过利用低压蒸汽以产生高纯水。
国家发改委表示，2012年我国产水量高于10000立方米/天的海水淡化工程有16个。
“尽管我们在海水淡化技术领域已经取得了长足的进步，但目前国内大型海水淡化工程仍主要使用国外技术。”李琳梅这样表示。将国产海水淡化技术应用于工程实践，是提高我国海水淡化自主创新能力的关键。
至2010年，海水淡化工程已被应用于世界上150多个国家，解决了2亿多人的饮水问题。
李琳梅说，目前淡化所正积极开展国际合作，以提升我国自主海水淡化技术在国际市场中的地位，促进国产淡化设备大规模向国外输出。
面对迅速发展的中国海水淡化产业，也有人对大规模海水淡化工程的潜在环境影响表示担忧。因为浓海水排放可能会影响临海水域的水质，引起受纳海域盐度、温度的升高。
李琳梅表示政府应对高盐度浓海水的排放进行环境影响评估，并提供排放标准。
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