今天拿到成绩了，均分7.5，阅读和听力都是8.5，写作和口语是6.5.我已经是相当满足了~
因为准备过，直到准备雅思的痛苦和艰辛~所以把自己总结的资料奉献出来，希望对烤鸭同胞们有所帮助！也积累一下自己的RP~~~
写 作文是我在自己练习时出现的一些问题及相应的解决办法，按大小作文分类。还有一些套句，按文章结构分类。阅读则是我在做剑桥系列时遇到的问题和解决办法，按题型分类。听力也是和阅读一样的。
首先是作文：
图表作文
Sth. about the charts
title
vertical axis 纵轴 horizontal axis 横轴，水平轴
color key
the steps of writing
1. 审题
2. 构思
一是分析图表的主要特征，二是弄清写作重点及使用适当的分析方法。
3. 写作
第一， 开头写好引言段，把握主题句的准确表达；（模式化开头）
第二， 描写图表。
主要特征，总体变化。注意使用衔接词和转承短语，增强文章逻辑性。（常用词组）
第三， 结尾段。（切勿妄加单独结构）
写作第一部分的图表题不需要单加一段评论，也没有要求用一句话来作出结论。只需要描述图表，表达个人见解是不合适的。
4. 检查
拼写错误，语法错误，书写有误，数字表达有误等。
开头固定模式
1.“图表”替换词：
chart, table, graph, diagram…
figures, statistics, curves…
2.“描述”的多种表达：
illustrate, describe, indicate, show, unfold, reveal, display, compare, present, express, represent, stand for…
3.年代、时间的处理方式
From…to… for the period of…to…
Over the next 13 years…
Over the 7-year period…
10 years = a decade
100 years = a century
In the third quarter 在第三季度
At the same time = at around the same time= during the same period= meanwhile
In the coming year = in the next year in the following year
Later on , afterwards, from then on
In the first decade in the 20th century.
In the first 70 years last century.
For much of the time
Which take place in the year (of)…
On a weekly/ monthly basis= per week/ month
4. 文章第一句的基本套路：
The chart/ table/ diagram/ graph shows/ illustrates/ describes/ indicate/ reveals/ display/ present/ unfold/ compare that/ how…changed…from…to…
The chart gives us some information about…by contrasting …and…
关于信息的分类：
The table gives us three pieces of information regarding the subway network in 6 cities.
The table gives us a breakdown of different types of family who were living in poverty in Australia in 1999.
Employees, according to the amount of the education they’ve received, are grouped into 4 categories.
The average spend can be futher divided very roughly into thirds—the first third spending on…, the second on…, and the last on….
The two graphs describe the same thing seen in two different ways.
5.正文部分每段开头句的常用表达：
The main point to note is that…
One of the first things to note is that…
One of the most noticeable features/ trands in this report is that…
It is perhaps surprising that…
What is very obvious at a glance is that…
We can see immediately that…
Another thing which stands out in this chart is that…
A final point to know is that…
According to the chart…
As can be seen from the chart…
As is shown in the chart…
From the information shown,
It can be seen from the chart that…
We can see from the chart that…
It is clear from the chart…
I’m going to talk about the other chart,….
Attention should be draw to the significant rise of …
The left pie chart is for exports and the right pie chart is for imports.Now let’s look at the left chart,the exports pie chart.
┏Beginning with the field/forum of…
┣Next, in the field/forum of…
┗Turning to the field/forum of…
Now let’ s turn to the figures for…
…has done some investigation into….here is a report on some of their findings.
表示趋势和状态的词
NB.曲线图的描写要点为“趋势描写”和“数据支持”
单组柱状图可以先转换为曲线图
表示总体大趋势的词
There is an overall / a general increasing/ falling trend for…
But those are nit strong enough to change the very strong overall downtrend for…
The trend was towards a decrease in the popularity of the cinima.
Take an upward trend / turn
表示增加上升
1.增加
increase, rise, grow, rocket, go up, shoot up, climb + by（增加了）
+ to（增加到）
2.达到
Come to, reach, jump to
Ex: we can see an increase by 4% in…
总计、共计：total a. / vi amount n / vi.
表示减少下降
decrease, decline, reduce, fall, go down, drop, crash, plummet（垂直下落）, plunge，dive
come back to … make a comeback…
表示先降后升/ 降中有升
Recover from~~, regain its increasing trend …
But those are nit strong enough to change the very strong overall downtrend for…
表示保持不变或一样
stay/ remain/ keep …
at the same/stable/steady/unchanged/constant/flat/stationary/ static
level off/ out
ex: we can see a leveling off in December.
Share the equal amount of money.
表示上下波动
fluctuate between… and …
fluctuation
go up and down
has been experienced ups and downs
表示极值
peak v. & n.
the highest point / the lowest point
the top of / the bottom of
表示比例、名次
The proportion of A to B is X to Y. A 和B的比例是X比Y。
Make up, eat up, take up
Contribute to, Account for, provide …
occupy，share, dominate (domination),lead
In 1985, there were 6261 full-time undergraduate students with 3472 men and 2742 women at the university. The distribution of these students was as follow.
This chart gives us information about British trade by geographical distribution in 1986.
Be distributed in the following ways:…
┏We find a domination of this field by…
┠This is the first field we find dominated by…
┗This is the second field in which … lead.
maintain the middle position
easure its position
NB.在谈论取得第几名，排第几名时经常用
Come/ rank + 序数词
Take / in +序数词 +place
注意：这里的序数词前不要加the
EX: For cycling paper, Britain comes second in Europe with 40% behind Germany’s amazing 70%.
表示预测未来趋势的词
Expect, forecast, estimate, underestimate(低估)，project
表示程度的词
显著的（地）、重要的（地）
large, major, great, important, significant, considerable, remarkable, noticeable,
sharp, rapid, sudden, dramatic,steep,extremely, strikingly（显著的）
轻微的（地）、不显著的（地）、逐渐地
little, slight, gentle, mild,steady
gradually, steadily, slowly
大概、大约
about, approximate, nearly, around, roughly,
more or less
fewer/ less/ more than, under, below, within, over, above
相比较而言
Relatively
不协调的
Disproportionately
表示相比或相反的词组
be compared with compare A to B in comparison with…
to contrast with…
But there is a completely reversal when it comes to …
It is the same for…
The same goes for…
The same thing goes if…
overnumber v. 超过
on the contary
we can see a totally different pattern/picture in…
we can see a converse pattern in….
The picture is slightly different in case of…
The condition in Japan differs considerably.
表示举例子或列举的用法
Namely, specifically, such as,
For example/ instance
Take … for example/ as an example
列举数字时要注意运用括号，这是一种节省时间、节省字数。同时又使文章简洁明了。
表目的：in order to , as to, used for… purpose
怎样保证自己作文中语言使用的多样性，避免重复使用带来的言语匮乏印象
首先，在描述时可以注意用适当的名词和动词形式来保证作文的多样性。
There is a steady increase in the percentage of…
The percentage of … show a steep increase from … to…
The percentage of … show a large jump from… to…
we can see a leveling off in December.
We can see an increase by 4% in….
The year 1994 and 1995 also saw great increase.
其次，要注意复杂句型的使用和长句的使用。
复杂句型：
Only in the case of…, does another country Italy comes close.
Only in this way, can this problem be settled.
长句：注意把两个趋势或数据连起来讲，变成并列或对比的句子，这样既可以用上长句又可以使文章显得简洁。也可以是单纯根据时间、大小的顺序把两个数据联系起来。
前者要注意小词and,with（并列）和while（对比）等的运用。也要注意用which,that等来引导定语，用to, as to, in order to 来引导目的状语。
Ex: The sources for supple of water to, and subsequent water losses in, the human body on a daily basis.
后者要注意 followed by, when 等表时间或名次的状语的运用
Ex: There is a dramatic fall in the number of people who went to the cinema from 1957, when about 900 million people went to …, to 1960, when the attendance figure was roughly 500 million.
From 1930 to 1940 there was a significant rise, which, since 1940 has been followed by a steady fall.
第三，要注意主动句与被动句之间的转换，不要再一篇文章中单独使用一种句型。
Ex: The total weekly spend for international students is shown to be……
Task 1 中一定要注意数据之间的比较，单独地罗列数据会丢分！！
首先，要注意数据之间在量上的关系，如：倍数关系，百分比关系等。
其次，要注意趋势上的关系，看趋势是相同的还是相反的。
而且在趋势相同时，也应该注意相同的趋势是否有幅度上的差异。
Ex: The increase in visits from the UK was more marked than that of visits to the country.
A is much greater at 8.5 years in 1980, compared to 2.5 years in B. The gap was increased in 1990, when the figures rose to … and… respectively.
The gap was widening.
Map题
注意要先把整个地区的情况：地理环境、建筑特点、交通情况、区域划分等做一个系统而简要的交代，这样会给人一个总体的印象。不至于使以后的陈述太过混乱。
表示河流、道路方向的常用词组：
Run through the town centre
There are three roads leading from the town cwntre
Following a northwest to southeast direction
Runs/ Goes southeast to …
其他词组：
Surround, be surround by
Zones, regions, areas
Flow chart
一定要说明原理
作文的连贯与衔接
“起”-用于引导主题句或主题句后的第一个发展句。
One of the first things to note is that…
第一：first、firstly
首先：first of all、to begin with、to start with、in the first place
首先…其次…:For one thing…for another
一方面…另一方面…:on the one hand…on the other hand…
一般来说:generally speaking、in general
起初：at first、in the beginning
现在：at present、now
目前：currently
最近：recently、lately
“承”-用于承接前句
第二点：second、secondly
第三点：third、thirdly
此外：besides、in addition、what’ more、moreover、furthermore
举例：for example、for instance、as an example、take…for example
即，就是：namely
换句话说：in other words
此后：after that、afterwards
与此同时：meanwhile
不久：soon
然后：then
同样重要：equally important
为此：for this purpose
结果：consequently
I’m going to talk about the other chart,…
“转”-用于表达不同或相反的情况
毕竟：after all
可是：but
仍然：yet
相反：conversely、on the contrary
事实上：in fact、as a matter of fact
尽管：though、although、as
与…不同：unlike…
另外： as for… as to…
in terms of… in cases of… in fields of…
in the term of… in the case of… in the field of…
on the terms such as……
for… and for…
“合”-结束，总结
最后：the final point to note is that…
finally、at last
总之：in conclusion、in short、in summary、in brief
above all
to sum up; to put it in the nutshell
无疑：undoubtedly、surely、certainly
显然：obviously
Last but bot least.
Witing task 2
开头固用模式
Nowdays, there is a growing tendency for people to do sth.
These days more and more people find that…
There is a growing awareness over…
It is a common sense that…
There is a common belief that…
It is not uncommon for people to do sth.
Nowdays, there is a heated discussion as to whether or not the relationship between family members is as close as before.
There has long been a debate about whether the old people should be forced to retire from their work at the age of 60 or 65, regardless of their own wishes.
A debate often heard these days is that…
A much debated issue these days is…
The debate about… is one that has been going on for centuries. (long-lasting)
The issue of … is a complex and sensitive one.
It is an inescapable problem that…
…The question is , is the price worth paying?
…seems to be an inceasingly widespread problem and I think … is/ are prbably responsible for that.
Altough it is not a particularly widely discussed topic , there has been some dicussion about the idea of …
A large number of people shoule hold the idea that…
A great many people should argue that…
A large number of people have begun to question…
Many other insist that…
They emphasize that…
It means so many different things to different people.
It varies from people to people.
Different people hold different opinions about…
Different people have different understanding on…
This essay will show some reasons of argument for and qrgument against.
In this essay, I’d like to explore this issue from both perspectives.
It is necessary to look at this isusse on both sides before giving my opinion.
The following passage will present the pros and cons of it, along with my personal veiws.
In this essay I will give the explaination for that phenomenon, along with my suggestion to solve the issue.
In this issus I will argue that…
In my opinion, this commom and serious issue is a indication of the wide gap between these students’ unrealistic vision of school life and the disappointing reality.
表支持某一观点：
I approve wholeheartedly that…
I totally agree with the statement that…
Thus, I totally believe that…
I am a believer of the argument that…
I firmly believe that…
For my part, I am in favor of their argument…
I prefer to …
I can not picture/ imagine a world/ life without…
It my belief that…
It is my firmly held opinion that…
While many individuals complain that… I firmly believe that…
One my think that… but in fact…
It is widely believed/ accepted that…
It is universally acknowledged that…
There is no doubt that…
It is undeniable that…
It is an undeniable fact that…
No one can deny the fact that…
We should not overlook the fact that…
Undoubtedly,…
Admittedly,…
A benefits B in a lot of aspects.
A is of great importance for B.
Therefore, I hold that A weigh heavier than B.
The advantages of A outweigh its disadvantages.
A’s advantages carries more weight than its disadvantages.
However, in comparison, A is more effctive in doing sth.
I think it is far more better for us to do sth.
Another reason I’d like to bring up is that…
表反对某一观点：
I disapprove that…
I disagree with this viewpoint for three reasons:…
I do not personally believe that…
To those who argue that …,I ‘d like to point out that…
However, I am not a believer of the argument that the computer may in the future take the place of teachers in the teaching field.
The worst aspect of this phenomenon, in my opinion, is that…
While compared with A, B may not be significantly important.
However, its strenghs are dwarfed by its weaknesses.
In fact ,… can cause a lot of problems, such as…
Altough, it may seem a logical solution, taking this easy way out may cause as many problems as it solves.
However, with the best wishes in the world, we may not always reach our goals successfully.
On the minus side…
It is pointless to do sth.
表优点的几个方面：
Equip sb. with sth.
Cost-efective
Give sb. a sense of independence.
Benefit the society as a whole.
Broaden their horizons. Have a broder view of life
The price is worth paying.
Not necessarily all bad
Work for the public good
表缺点的几个方面：
Time-consuming
Make no economic sense
Economically worthless
Out of date
A waste of time
表举例子和陈述背景的用法：
For example/ instance…
Take … for example/ instance.
To offer another example/ instance…
In my personal case,…
Just as the saying goes: there is no garden without weeds. The same appliesto TV advertising.
As the society has entered the information age and the commercialization/ industrialization is sweeping across the world ,…
The advent of … makes…
Great changes have taken place in family life along with the development of the society.
As time passes…
Compared with the past,…
However, the situation is beyond control since…
In the past, it was assumed that…. But now the attitude is that…
表建议的句型：
As far as I am concerned, I think sb. should spare no effort to do sth. for the following reasons.
Considering the seriousness of this problem, we must…
In view of the seriousness/ importance of this problem, effective/ essential measures should be taken before things get worse.
I think we need to be hard on …, and also hard on…
Without… , … will always be out of touch.
To solve the problem, … will seem to be helpful.
Only in this way, can the problem be settled eventually.
I believe that our concern should go beyond commerce and money.
We should look into the future.
表文章结构的句型：
After looking this over, the first question that popped into my minad was that…
My frist consideration is that…
There are three reasons for my opinoin:
My opinion is based on the following sound reasons:
My first reason is that,…
My second reason is that,…
My third reason based on the saying : Men do not live by bread alone.
Another reason that I'd like to bring up is that…
In the first place,…
In the second place,…
The first role that should be blamed is that…
Another equally important factor was that…
Last but not least,…
Proponents of this view believe that,…
Opponents of this view argue that,…
For members of family who live far away from each other,…
For those living together,…
In short term,… in long term …
表文章结尾的句型：
In conclusion,…
In summary,…
In brief,…
To sum up,…
To put it in a nutshell,…
All in all,…
When all the factors are examed, we may safely come to the conclusion that…
From what has been discussed above, we may safely/ eventually/ finally come to / draw the conclusion that…
For my part, both of these two opinions contain something resonable. And it is very hard to choose one from them. But I am sure that the issue will be settled eventually with the development of economy/ technology/ science.
I think carefully controlled experiments are needed to provide a solid ground on which we can base while making dicisions on such a crucial issue.
For my part, both of these two opinions are reasonable. But in comparison, I am in favor of the former/ latter one. Besides the reason mentioned above, I also think that…
In conclusion, neither nature or nurture is 100% responsible for the way a person is, but I think that nature’s influence is greater and that, as scientists uncover the meaning of more genes, this will be more clearer.
My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person’s life. It is the interaction of thr two that sharps a person’s personality and decides how that personality developes.
Some tips about writing task 2:
1. 轻描淡写地点一下相反的论点，通过对比再次强调中心论点。但是也要注意，对于反面的论点不要描写的过多，以免冲淡主题。
2. 举例子一举两得！既可以扩充字数，不至于因字数不合要求而失分。也可以帮助把抽象的概念具体化，或成为支撑论点的论据。（注：西方人注重事实，不要满篇讲的都是大道理）
3. 当不同意某个观点时，除了解释理由外，还可以提出，既然这种办法是行不通的，那我们应该怎么做。
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