雅思作文Task1写作常识

 
一、图形种类及概述法：
泛指一份数据图表：a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table
饼图：pie chart
直方图或柱形图：bar chart / histogram
趋势曲线图：line chart / curve diagram
表格图：table
流程图或过程图：flow chart / sequence diagram
程序图：processing/procedures diagram

以下是一些较常用的描述用法
The table/chart diagram/graph shows (that)
According to the table/chart diagram/graph
As (is) shown in the table/chart diagram/graph
As can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures,
figures/statistics shows (that)...
It can be seen from the figures/statistics
We can see from the figures/statistics
It is clear from the figures/statistics
It is apparent from the figures/statistics
table/chart/diagram/graph figures (that) ...
table/chart/diagram/graph shows/describes/illustrates how
......

阅卷考官经常是不会看那些图表的，因此文章必须逻辑清晰，如果描述得能令人在脑海里勾画出那个data chart，这篇task1无疑会达到8分的水平。开篇的第一句话可以是一句高度概括性的introduction（当然开门见山直接描述也是一种写法）；这样做不仅使文章更趋于完美，而且可以达到凑字数的目的（但不要照抄题目，除非时间相当紧迫）。接下来另起一段开始进行描述（根据实际情况1-2段），这当中经常要连续使用非限定性定于从句，从而使得描述过程流畅、清晰。最后也可再另起一段进行简短的综述（并非必须）。上述的任何一个步骤都要遵循依据现有data进行客观描述的原则，任何推测性或议论性的内容写得再多、再精彩不仅不会加分，而且还会成为扣分的因素。

二、data的具体表达法

data在某一个时间段固定不变：fixed in time
在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time
持续变化的data在不同情况下:
增加：increase / raise / rise / go up ...
减少：decrease / grow down / drop / fall ...
波动：fluctuate / rebound / undulate / wave ...
稳定：remain stable / stabilize / level off ...

最常用的两种表达法：
动词 + 副词形式（Verb+Adverb form）
形容词 + 名词形式（Adjective+Noun form）
　　
1. Verb+Adverb form
The number of XXX
+increase/jump/rise/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuate...
+insignificantly/significantly/slightly/suddenly/rapidly/dramatically/sharply/steeply/steadily/gradually/slowly...
+from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间)

2. Adjective+Noun form
There was a (very) sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sharp/steep/steady/gradual/slow/slight
+increase/jump/rise/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuation （注意：上述很多词不可用于修饰fluctuation）
+in the number of XXX from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间)

描述稳定的data：
The number of XXX remained steady/stable from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间)
The number of XXX stayed the same from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间)
There was little change / hardly any change / no change in the number of XXX from from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间)

描述不同状态的data
Noun form:
steady drop / sharp rise peak / dramatic fall / sharp drop
Verbal form:
(to) bottom out / (to) reach the bottom / (to) increase gradually / (to) reach a plateau / (to) remain steady

描述the highest point以及the lowest point
高点极值：
The monthly profit / The figures / The situation ...
+peaked in (月份/年) <准确时间点用at XXX> at XXX% / XXX(极点data)
或者reached a peak / a high point at XXX% / XXX(极点data)
低点极值：
XXX bottomed out / reached
+rock / the bottom / a low point
或者hit a trough

此外，在描述过程中还有很多的conjunctional words/sentences，最常用的固定搭配如下：
并列： as well as(句首/中), also, as well(句尾), either, neither, too, moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally, besides, what's more, apart from ...
举例： for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, in particular, particularly, especially
事实： as a matter of fact, in fact, actually, as long as, so long as ...
雷同/近似：similarly, likewise(句首/尾), at the same time, equally ...
转折： however, whereas, nevertheless, nonetheless, though, although, even though, while, yet, on the contrary, contrarily, in contrast, conversely, on the other hand, unlikely, in stead (of), in spite of, despite of ...

原因与结果
1. cause-suggestion (几乎不常用)
since / now that ...; I hope that...
because of/on account of/owing to/thanks to + (doing) sth, I hope that...
2. cause-effect (较常用)
XXX lead to / bring about / result in/ account for ...
(一个句子), therefore / thus / hence / as a result / consequently / (and) so ...
3. effect-cause (较常用)
XXX be caused by / result from / be the result of / be the effect of / be the consequence of ...
(一个句子), because ...
it is adj. that ...
it is unimaginable that ...
it is undeniable that ...
it is interesting to discover that ...

三、其它相关常用词（组）

1. 主章开头
图表类型：table; chart; diagram; graph; column chart; pie graph
描述：show; describe; illustrate; can be seen from; clear; apparent; reveal; represent
内容：figure; statistic; number; percentage; proportion
2. 表示数据
一般：have 10%; at 10%; over 10%
最高（低）点：peaked; reached a peak / high point
bottomed out; reached the bottom
变化：recover 略有回升； increase; jump; rise/rose; climb
decrease; fall/fell; drop; decline; reduce
fluctuate 浮动，摇摆不定
remained steady/stable; stay the same; little/hardly any /no change
变化程度：sudden/suddenly 突然的，意外的
rapid/rapidly 迅速的，飞快的，险峻的
dramatic/dramatically 戏剧性的，生动的
significant/significantly 有意义的，重大的，重要的
sharp/sharply 锐利的，明显的，急剧的
steep/steeply 急剧升降的
steady/steadily 稳固的，坚定不移的
gradual/gradually 渐进的，逐渐的
slow/slowly 缓慢的，不活跃的
slight/slightly轻微的、略微地
stable/stably 稳定的
表示范围：from XXX to XXX; between XXX and XXX; for XXX to XXX多长时间直到
表示程度：almost adv. 几乎，差不多
nearly adv. 几乎，密切地
approximately adv. 近似的，大约
about adv. 附近， 大约，转向，左右，周围
just over 刚超过
over adv. 结束，越过，从头到尾
exactly adv. 正确地，严密地
precisely adv. 正好 精确地；清晰地
比例：20 per cent 20%
one in three 1/3
one out of every four 1/4
3. 其它在描述中的常用到的词
significant changes 图中一些较大变化
noticeable trend 明显趋势
during the same period 在同一时期
grow/grew 增长
distribute 分布，区别
unequally 不相等地
pronounced 明显的
average 平均
no doubt 无疑地
corresponding adj. 相应的，通讯的
represent vt. 阐述，表现
overall 总体上讲
except 除外
in the case of adv. 在...的情况下
in terms of / in respect of / regarding 在...方面
in contrast 相反，大不相同
in conclusion adv. 最后，总之
in comparison 相比之下
inversely adv. 相反地，倒转地
in general 通常，大体上，一般而言
range from
excessive adj. 过多的，过分的，额外
lower v.降低，跌落
elapse vi.（时间）过去，消逝
category n.种类
government policy 政府政策
market forces 市场规率
measure n. 尺寸，方法，措施 v.估量，调节
forecast n. 先见，预见 v. 预测