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作者：谢振礼
出处：http://www.ieltschn.com/study/writing/21683.html
说服读者是论说文的主旨。状况发生在雅思或托福的英文作文测验，读者就是评分考官。推算结果成绩大约三成靠舞耍作文的主题结构内容，七成靠练得英文的用语用句用字。得分的关键在英文，作文仅是次要，因为难不倒候选人。英文举足轻重，没有英文就没有托福作文，也没有雅思作文。
论说文的写作从头到尾都是讲究造句。造句灵光，英文作文太平。有鉴于此，谢振礼老师发表实验心得，建议学员多练习英文造句，领悟实战经验，少去烦恼作文高分秘籍。考前紧急培训写作单项的时间有限，最好多一事不如少一事，何况还得兼顾口语，听力，阅读与睡觉。
学员接受造句为英文作文的基础，不妨同步磨练模拟考试，安排四阶段前进。第一阶段，一律都试写英文三句话作为起段。第二阶段，根据起段的三句话的前呼，练写后应的合段三句话。第三阶段，磨练中体的承段与转段，熟悉按招牌句的指引，每段再造五句话。第四阶段，进入实况演练【起3承6转6合3】全篇18句论说文。全程培训可以自修，当然向当职教练取经则效率更加。谢振礼老师设计的【隐形模板】是四段18 句的定位装配，或可参考。学员当然也可以自创格式，平日力求写作速度加快，临战考场方能完成任务。一定要搞到限时之内写完全文才高分有望。
第一阶段的实用英文写作以考古题为练习题。谢振礼老师抛砖引玉，直接建议起段开头三句话的可行写法，不可以视为标准答案。写作考试没有标准答案，只有答案标准，那就是官方发布的评分标准。采用老套千篇一律。开头第一句【申论主题】。第二句【集中焦点】。第三句【一分为二】。
主题的来源是考生针对试题而提出个人的立场。焦点的产生是因为立场的冲突，也就是你的立场与不是你的立场的冲突。加强把议论中的冲突抽象化则有利于无中生有，创造内容。结构的组织也是一律千篇的【起承转合】，最适于把方的也说得像圆的--吹牛唬人。
开头起段三句话--冲突何在？
第一句》申论主题：预表冲突
第二句》集中焦点：显现冲突
第三句》一分为二：展开冲突
Topics and Introductions: 真题来源为IELTS/TOEFL历届试题，不做题型分类。例句选自谢振礼Jeenn Lee Hsieh范文起段。建议不要刻意分别雅思或托福试题，两者一样都是论说文写作测验。当然也不必用主观或客观的想法去把真题分类，因为剪不断理还乱，似失恋又醉酒。七情六欲，五花八门的论说文只有唯一题型：冲突。正如自古至今人性不变，冲突不变，没有例外。大家爱看戏，其实是因戏剧化的冲突而着迷，缺少冲突的剧情则根本没戏唱。论说文如果不是议论冲突，谁还有话说？何来内容？
为引言起段打造三句话的练习是重要的培训工作，因为同时是在前呼合段后应的三句话，也是同时为中体的承段与转段制造招牌，分头引路而发展内容，如此这般，还不是为了避免痴痴地迷失跑题。写雅思写托福，宁可学老马识途，绕圆圈走360度。论说文是话从何处起，必也结尾在何处。千篇一律。
回答试题的能力因人而异，只能各显神通，评分官自有分明。反正文学不是科学，写作没有标准答案。以下引言例句无非是千样可能之一，至少还有999样的把戏。怎么回答是属于个人的独立思维，不过坚决不照抄题目凑字数，也避免学鹦鹉老是叫这说“一个铜板有两面”之类的废话。只要愿意观摩各家优点与效率，并选择适合自己的摸样，继而知行合一，善用利用抽象的冲突作为焦点，打造清楚，简洁，正确的英文句子。想说服考官，先克服自己。
回答的例句1-2-3只提供起段引言。34个实例都省略了合段结尾和中体的承段与转段。
零三四>People do many different things to stay healthy. What do you do for good health? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
1. To enjoy the glow of good health and keep doctors away, people must exercise, one way or another.
2. For me, walking is the best possible exercise, particularly when walking fast.
3. A vigorous long walk for its own sake will do good for the body and mind.
零三三>Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your essay.
1. It is lucky to have a good neighbor as much as unfortunate to have a bad one.
2. We are blessed by having righteous neighbors who do not act like strangers or become enemies.
3. In our view, a righteous neighbor is often associated with such virtues as tolerance and respect, and help and love.
零三二>Some people prefer to get up early in the morning and start the day's work. Others prefer to get up later in the day and work late at night. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.
1. Nowadays the formula for success is to rise early, work late and strike it rich.
2. The wisdom of Benjamin Franklin may be probably as true today as it was more than two centuries ago, if only for the benefit of better health.
3. Indeed, getting up early in the morning is always a healthy way to greet a new day, and yet that alone cannot make an average person healthy or wise.
零三一>Decisions can be made quickly, or they can be made after careful thought. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The decisions that people make quickly are always wrong. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
1. Chances are that people who make decisions quickly are not usually wrong.
2. In comparison, not many decisions that people make after careful deliberation can always be right.
3. In view of this analysis, it is more true to actual circumstances to follow one's instinct as being something more optimistic and romantic.
零三零>Movies are popular all over the world. Explain why movies are popular? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.
1. Either designed to amuse and entertain, or to make viewers think, remember, forget and dream, movies are popular across the world in theaters and in front of a television or computer screen.
2. If seeing movies is otherwise boring and expensive, the situation ought to be quite different, of course.
3. Beyond all that, films as fiction imitate life and people's lives in reality also imitate fiction, which explains in part why movies are so popular.
零二九>It is better to enjoy your money when you earn it or is it better to save your money for some time in the future? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
1. Saving money at present without investing in oneself for the future may just turn out to be a bad idea, particularly for those young people who find it hardly possible to make ends meet.
2. If the goal is to become wealthy some time to come, one must perform a balancing act between the prospect of increasing one's income greatly and necessarily spending money wisely here and now.
3. The logic is that there is a limit to how much one can save, but no limit to how much one can earn.
零二八>Do you agree or disagree that progress is always good? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
1. Of all the modern inventions that mark development in any sense, computers alone can prove that progress is not always good.
2. Despite its many benefits, a computer, and along with it the Internet, is a case in point because of its negative effects.
3. One cannot fail to see that over-dependence on computers as a sign of progress is destroying physical health and mental creativity.
零二七>Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Businesses should do anything they can to make a profit. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.
1. It has often been said that profit and morality are a hard combination to beat, but this can be changed somehow.
2. The way to do is giving idealism a chance to join profit and morality in harmony, whenever and wherever possible.
3. That is, businesses can do anything they should to earn money without doing it at the expense of human welfare and natural environment.
零二六>Is it important to work with a group of people on a team or to work independently? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.
1. A job worth doing is worth doing together.
2. Even though people do succeed in life, working independently, more indications tend to show that teamwork makes people achieve more.
3. In a world rapidly being globalized, it has become increasingly apparent that the need to be able to work together toward a common goal is critical in tackling cut-throat competition and thriving in business.
零二五>People listen to music for different reasons at different times. Why is music important to many people? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
1. It is appropriate to say that the importance of music to many people largely lies in its magical expression in sound what words may fail.
2. Strangely enough, after silence what comes nearest to expressing the inexpressible is music.
3. As an art form whose medium is sound, music works wonders because of the power of its truth and beauty.
零二四>Is it better for children to grow up in the country than in a big city. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to develop your essay.
1. Despite all the conveniences of modern life, a big city is no place to raise smaller children because they would miss so much fun by learning from nature what a countryside usually has to offer.
2. For a child growing up in a village or a small town the time from birth to twelve years of age can mark the initial state of the most rewarding process.
3. Exactly during those carefree years of a person's life, boys and girls can benefit most from playing in the rural environment and build a healthy body and a sound mind.
零二三>Why do you think that some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activities? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
1. It is easy to understand that some people who are particularly attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activities are not looking for death but for the fun of thrills.
2. Those can-do men and women are constantly compelled to test how close to a nasty death they can go, as if to defy fear and death itself.
3. The daring souls just want to make a difference in life by seemingly risking their lives on the point of making a date with death.
零二二>Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Boys and girls should attend separate schools. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
1. The effort to introduce female students into male secondary schools, or vice versa, must be regarded as undesirable because the practice has not been working well.
2. Beyond the considerations of religious as well as cultural grounds, there are other issues about co-education that are worthy of serious criticism.
3. Of all drawbacks to the mixed-sex educational system, the decline of moral principles and the fall of academic performance have raised particular concerns.
零二一>People work because they need money to live. In your opinion, what are other reasons that people work?
1. Working people are largely happy people because having a job means more than being able to just make ends meet.
2. Money is by far the most motivational factor that people work, probably followed by public praise and recognition.
3. In addition, work can also help people get rid of two evils--vice and boredom.
零二零>People recognize a difference between children and adults. What events--experiences and ceremonies--make a child an adult? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer.
1. Time reveals age, but age is not only a period of time but also a state of mind.
2. A birthday party or a ceremony of baptism marks the number of years from stage to stage, but does not tell exactly a mature mind from an immature mind, referring to adolescents.
3. There is a prolonged period of confusion which is puzzling when it comes to recognizing a difference between no-longer childhood and not-yet adulthood.
零一九>Human activities have negative effects on plant and animal species. Some people think it is too late to do anything about this problem. Others believe that effective measures can be taken to this situation. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
1. In many countries practical solutions to protect wildlife do exist, but a recovery plan cannot be useful without jointly enforcing legislation world-wide.
2. Trade in endangered plants and animals is now internationally prohibited, as is commercial exploitation, and so what?
3. Penalties or violations used to be too minimal to stop such human activities as illegal hunting and deforestation and pollution, even though nobody should like to see the situation becoming from bad to worse.
零一八>Using a computer everyday can have more negative than positive effects on children. Do you agree or disagree?
1. Overusing a computer daily can have undesirable effects on people, particularly children, but it seems little can be done to prevent those kids from being excessively exposed to computer screens.
2. Many children are now addicted to use of the Internet for video games with adult content rather than for educational purposes.
3. As can be imagined, this kind of obsession can certainly affect children's physical and mental health.
零一七>Some people believe that universities are producing more graduates than needed, and that less emphasis should be placed on university education. Others are of a different opinion. Discuss both views and include your opinion.
1. An increasing number of graduates from higher educational institutes should be seen as a sign of social and economic progress rather than an employment problem.
2. While universities and colleges are turning out more graduates than needed, it does not mean exactly that this trend is out of step with the reality.
3. Since it is impossible to outlaw higher education, it seems better not doing anything right now and just allowing the job market to play its own game of supply and demand.
零一六>Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People are never satisfied with what they have. They always want something more or something different. Use specific reasons to support your answer.
1. It has often been said that what mainly moves human activities are need and pride.
2. Not only do they want more when more is needed; but, out of pride, they also want to possess something different.
3. More often than not, there are dangers of such need becoming greed and such pride becoming vanity.
零一五>When people do not succeed, it may be that the desire is not strong enough. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
1. Many successful persons have a very strong will called desire.
2. It is an uncommon common sense that helps make success happen.
3. No other human characteristic is more outstanding than the will to plan carefully and to work patiently.
零一四>More government money should be invested in teaching science rather than other subjects for the country to develop and progress. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
1. For a country to solidly develop and progress, it is essential not to set limit to imagination on which philosophy and arts are built.
2. Needless to say, in this age of high-tech information we cannot but think that today's science is tomorrow's technology.
3. However, while the importance of teaching science cannot be over-emphasized, the subjects of philosophy and arts ought not to be ignored because of their imaginative values.
零一三>Films and computer games with violence are very popular in the world. Some people believe these have negative effects on society and should be banned. Other people say these are just harmless relaxations. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
1. It is one thing to say that violent films and computer games with violence should be banned because they can emotionally affect many viewers, particularly children, but it is another thing about how to make this happen.
2. Many people are aware that violence remains one of the most problematic areas for censorship in some parts of the world, especially it is in conjunction with sex and drugs.
3. So the question is not why but how.
零一二>Sex education in schools is only introducing conflicting ideas and confusing among immature minds and should be immediately stopped. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
1. Despite different viewpoints about shame, sex education should not be suspended in schools, particularly when today's young people need moral guidance.
2. Probably there is another lesson to be learned about commitment rather than about shame.
3. The new lesson may logically help many adolescents who often get confused about an attitude toward responsibility to each other and are ignorant of old family values.
零一一>The costs of international travel are decreasing and tourism is growing. What are the advantages and disadvantages of increasing tourism activities in different countries?
1. It is easy to see that today's international tourism thrives largely on cheaper air traveling.
2. Despite some undesirable effects, the global sight-seeing businesses are benefitting many countries.
3. There are obvious reasons to believe that more visitors going from one place to another beyond borders can create more cash income and increase job opportunities anywhere.
零一零>Nowadays both scientists and tourists can go to remote natural environments such as South Pole. Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?
1. Scientists are not the only few hundreds attracted to the Antartic as every year tens of thousands of people are also going there on a short tour of the ice, the water, the solitude, and the homeland of penguins.
2. The hordes of visitors--by South Pole standards--can pose a threat for the vulnerable areas at the bottom of the globe.
3. After so many notorious human behaviors harming the planet's ecosystem elsewhere, who can believe that this trend can be something like eco-tourism?
零零九>Deciding the size of one's family is a personal preference. In your opinion, should the government intervene in the rights of the individual with regard to family planning?
1. The need for birth-control has now become more of a social and economic issue than simply a personal preference, and not only in poor countries but also in rich countries.
2. Family planning being a national issue, it behooves the government to help bring the nation's population growth under control.
3. If the government is unable or unwilling to intervene in the rights of the individual for that matter, social and economic problems will cause undesirable effects to fall on all concerned.
零零八>In some countries people are strongly influenced by fashion, such as clothing and hairstyles. What in your opinion attracts people to fashion? Is this a positive or negative development?
1. As a popular expression of social and economic realities, fashion represents a world in progress and influences people more on the positive side than otherwise.
2. It is in plain sight that what attracts people to fashion is as much a social vanity as a necessity to catch up with the economic mainstream.
3. In view of this, the development of fashion is closely associated with social freedom and economic prosperity.
零零七>Many people believe that teachers should teach students how to judge right from wrong and how to behave, while others think they should just teach academic subjects. What is your opinion?
1. Although teachers are supposed to teach only academic subjects, it is also necessary for schools to establish a moral foundation that can have a lasting impact on children for the rest of their lives.
2. Of course, whether anyone can teach morals, or morality in general, is worthy of debate.
3. Beyond that, it is appropriate to think that a teacher's responsibility in school is just as necessary as parents at home.
零零六>Children who grow up in families which are short of money are better prepared to deal with the problems of adult life than children who are brought up by wealthy parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
1. Poverty matters so much to children that the consequences of being short of money do not easily go away in their adulthood when coping with a series of ordeals.
2. Of course, a university experience can help make a difference, but as a rule young people from have-not families will find it more difficult to go through higher education, exactly for financial reasons.
3. Such heartening stories are told about how some children, moneyless and with little education, can become dramatic successes at the end of the day, ought to be regarded as only exceptions to the rule.
零零五>In some parts of the world there is an increasing number of people trying to find out the history of their families. Why? Is this trend a positive or negative development?
1. What you can discover about the roots of your families is not likely to make headlines, but may be crucial in building a family tree that can be both interesting and surprising.
2. Despite the viewpoint to the contrary, trying to search a family history is a positive attitude toward something that you can learn and grow from it.
3. Good or bad, one thing is sure: you cannot erase the past.
零零四>Some people argue that job satisfaction is more important than job security. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your knowledge or experience.
1. No employee could possibly be happy about a chance of losing the current job anytime soon.
2. Next only to pay, job security is certainly the No. 1 factor leading to job satisfaction in the modern workplace.
3. In the presence of increasing unemployment rates these days, losing a job may mean the absence of the monthly income on which much of job satisfaction depends.
零零三>Today food travels thousands of miles from farms to consumers. Why? Is it a positive or negative trend?
1. The food travel debate is inevitably intertwined between economic interests and environmental concerns.
2. While food is traveling because transport has become so cheap in a world of globalization, the manner by which food is being carried is not doing the natural environment any favors.
3. The question is whether to meet human food demand or to produce pollution?
零零二>Some people think that advertising is good for economy while others say it can cause people to desire something unnecessary or completely useless. What is your opinion?
1. These days it is easy to find faults with advertising, and yet none can deny entirely that this art of persuasion is good for economy.
2. By circulating information mixing half truth and half lying, advertising can penetrate the public mind with desires even for something worthless.
3. All told, however, advertising is doing more good than evil.
零零一>People in developing countries are happier than before while people in developed countries are no happier than they used to be. Why? What lesson can you learn from it?
1. Financially speaking, people are supposed to be happier when their incomes exceed expenses, but the reverse seems to be happening to many people in some developed countries.
2. In comparison, people in some developing countries with a much lower measure of per capita income appear to be happier in what they are actually able to buy within their earnings.
3. The message is clear enough: higher living standards do not necessarily add to happiness, but excessive spending can certainly undermine it.
海外大学教师谢振礼Jeenn Lee Hsieh 投稿，转载请注明出自： 雅思论坛： http://bbs.ieltschn.com
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