在雅思写作的考试中,犯罪类话题有点像“最熟悉的陌生人”,称它“熟悉”是因为除了在小作文中偶尔亮个相之外,每年大作文中都有三到四次的考察频率,并不算特别冷门;而说它“陌生”是因为在考生族群绝大多数是学生的大背景下,犯罪似乎是一个离考生们的生活稍微有那么一点儿距离的话题,至少不太为多数的中国学生所讨论。那么为了避免在考场上出现“你不问我就不谈,你问了我就认栽”的尴尬状况,甚至很多考生表示在看到该类话题的一瞬间就有了重新报考下一场考试的念头,笔者今天就稍微整理一下雅思写作对于“犯罪类话题”的考察,通过考察要求和应对方案这两个角度来解构一下这块难啃的硬骨头。
一、考察要求
在这样一个大数据时代,明确雅思写作考试对于“犯罪类话题”的考察要求的最佳方式莫过于回顾一下历年的真题,在众多的真题中找到一点官方出题的规律,让数据讲实话。
20080112: Some peoplethink the best way of reducing crime is to give longer prison sentences. Others,however, think there are other better ways to reduce crime. Discuss both views andgive your own opinion.
20080918: Some peoplethink sending criminals to prison is not an effectiveway to deal with them. Education and job training are better. Towhat extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
20090917: Some peoplethink that all the lawbreakers should be sent into the jail, while others believethat they should also be made to do some work or learn some skills in the community.What is your opinion?
20100130: Many peoplebelieve that today there is a general increase in anti-social behaviors and lackof respect for others. What might have caused this situation?How to improve it?
20100804: In manyparts of the world childrenand teenagers are committing more crimes. What are the causes and how shouldthey be punished?
20110122: Todaythere is a great increase in anti-social behaviors and lack of respect to others.What are the causes of this? Who should take responsibilityfor dealing with it?
20110820: Some peoplebelieve that if police force carries guns, this encourages higher levels of violencein that society. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
20120512: Todayprison is the most common solution for crime. But some people think thatit would be a more effective way to provide them with better education to prevent themfrom becoming criminals. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
20121103: Many peopleare afraid to leave home because of crimes. Some people believe that more action should be takento prevent crimes, but others feel little can be done. Discuss both views and giveyour opinion.
20130216: Some peoplethink all lawbreakers should be sent to prison, while others believethat there are better alternatives. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
20131109: Some peoplebelieve that young peoplewho commit serious crimes should be punished in the same way as adults. To whatextent do you agree or disagree?
20140607: Some peoplebelieve that if the police force carries guns, it would encourage a higher levelof violence in the society. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
20140802: In manyparts of the world, childrenand teenagers are committing more crimes, what are the causes? How should theseyoung criminals to be punished.
20141108: Some peoplethink most crimes are the result of circumstanceslike poverty and other social problems. Others believe that they are caused by people who arebad in nature. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
20150425: Some peoplethink that teenagersshould be given the same punishment as adult criminals. To what extent do you agreeor disagree?
20150618: In manycountries, a high proportion of criminal acts are committed by teenagers. What are the causes of this phenomenonand how to solve it.
20150903: Many peopleare afraid to leave their homes because of their fear of crime. Some believe thatmore action should be taken to prevent crime, but othersfeel that little can be done. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
题目中标红的部分为涉及到对罪犯惩处的讨论,而标橙的部分为涉及到犯罪原因和解决方式的讨论,另外标注阴影的部分为涉及到青少年犯罪的讨论,没有任何标注的为警察配枪的话题
我们不难发现,虽然讨论的是犯罪类这样一个稍显小众的话题,但是考察的方向仍然是有限并且有规律的。主要的四大方向有:一、罪犯的处罚方式;二、犯罪行为的原因和应对;三、青少年犯罪;四、警察配枪的问题。并且随着时间的推移,近年来针对青少年犯罪的考察更加频繁,并且有与其他话题跨界及合并的趋势。所以在平时的教学过程中可以从思路和词汇两个方面入手,找准题目的切入口并且储备一定量的相关词汇,帮助考生掌握常见的犯罪类话题正确的写作方式,从而做到充分准备和从容应对。
二、应对方案
罪犯的处罚方式的考察一般是要求考生在“直接投入监狱”和“提供教育和培训”中做出讨论和选择,所以考生应该要做以下头脑风暴:
※对罪犯进行监禁是有一定的必要性的,不然这个世界也不会有监狱这种东西的存在了。尤其是对于一些严重危害社会安全或者屡教不改重复犯罪的犯人,把他们投入监狱体现了法律的公正和严明,利用监禁剥夺罪犯的人身自由来达到惩戒的目的,也是对于其他守法者的人身和财产安全的保护。另外对于受害者的家人,也算是一种精神上的安慰。监狱作为一种惩罚工具,不仅可以有效地控制犯罪者的行为,同时也能对潜在的犯罪分子有一定的威慑作用。
☆相关语料
crime = criminality 犯罪
the incidence of various criminalities hovers at a relativelyhigh level 犯罪率居高不下
afflict/agonize the sufferers 给受害者带来痛苦
jeopardize the security of the society 危害社会的安全
habitual criminals = hardened criminals 惯犯、怙恶不悛的罪犯
recidivism = repetitive criminality = continuous crimes 累计犯罪
criminals = offenders = law-breakers=perpetrators 犯罪分子
felons = serious offenders 重刑犯
reactionary gang 黑帮
gangster 歹徒、恶棍
terrorist 恐怖分子
bully 小混混
rehabilitate 改造
serve the purpose of rehabilitating criminals 起到改造罪犯的作用
imprison (imprisonment) 关押
put into prison/jail = locked behind the bars 投入监狱
be deprived of freedom 被剥夺了自由
penal 刑事的
civil 民事的
fairness = justice = impartiality 公正性
judicial system 司法制度
potential criminals 潜在罪犯
deter威慑,震慑
deter sb from doing sth = stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做……
have a deterring effect on 对…有威慑作用
has a deterrent role to play in…… 可以在……方面发挥威慑作用
provide criminals with custom-tailored ways of reclamation
应该提供量体裁衣(因人而异)的改造方式
victim 受害者
human right 人权
provide the victims and their families with great spiritualconsolation
给受害人及家庭以精神上的慰藉
※对于其他偶发性的犯罪行为,要参考犯罪动机来制定惩罚方式。比如过失犯罪者和法律意识不健全的罪犯,进行法律知识的普及和教育是必要的。对于因为迫于生计而进行犯罪的,要给予他们生存技能的培训,这样才能有效地防止再次犯罪。另外还要考虑到有些人犯罪是由于心理方面的问题,所以给予这部分罪犯心理上的疏导和帮助更为实际。
☆相关语料
motive 动机
petty crime 轻微罪行
act on impulse 一时冲动
leniently宽容地
be fully aware of something 充分意识到
legal consciousness 法律意识
popularize 普及
publicize 宣传
identify the true motivation behind criminals 找到罪犯背后的动机
livelihood 生计、生存
the hardship of making a living 谋生的艰难
survival skill 生存技能
mental disease/illness/disorder 心理疾病
psychological guidance 心理疏导
feasible = practical 实际的、可行的
released prisoners = those who are set free from the prison刑满释放的人
犯罪行为的原因和应对这个考察点主要是让考生对于犯罪行为产生的原因进行分类讨论并且给出相应的解决方案,考生需要做以下的头脑风暴
※青少年犯罪行为的原因可以结合教育类话题来思考,除了本身青春期的冲动,明辨是非能力较弱外,更多的原因是来自于家庭的教育和社会环境的影响。家庭方面要考虑到父母对于孩子的溺爱、忽视和离异可能会让孩子变得以自我为中心,不考虑他人的感受,甚至无视法律。社会方面要考虑到网络和其他媒体上有很多包含暴力元素的影视作品,而心智不成熟的青少年很容易盲目地模仿,甚至触犯法律和道德的底线。
☆相关语料
youth crime = teenage crime = juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪
teenage criminal = young offender = juvenile law-breaker 少年犯
adolescence 青春期
immature = naive 不成熟
impulse 冲动
hormone 荷尔蒙
distinguish right from wrong 明辨是非
spoil = dote 溺爱
neglect = ignore 忽视
parental divorce/separation 父母离异
single-parent household 单亲家庭
limited access to education 受教育程度有限
self-oriented 以自我为中心
Internet = cyber 网络
indiscriminate 盲目的
imitation = duplication 模仿
arouse one’s violent impulse 诱发暴力冲动
mislead one’s life outlook and values 误导人生观和价值观
go/lead astray 误入歧途
embark on the criminal road 走上犯罪道路
conduct some anti-social offences 做出反社会的行为
misconduct = misdeed 劣迹、恶行违法行为
相关例句:
1. Without appropriateparental guidance, those teenagers who lack the capability to distinguish rightfrom wrong are vulnerable to the violent or pornographic content on TV shows.
一旦缺失了父母合理的引导,那些缺乏明辨是非能力的青少年很容易成为电视节目中暴力色情内容的受害者。
2. The over commercializedmass media is besieged with vivid depiction of various criminal activities and violence.
过度商业化的大众传媒中充斥着对于犯罪和暴力行为生动的报道和描述。
3. Television violencehas contributed directly to the rising crime, as evidence by statistics showinga dramatic rise in copycat crimes.
统计数据表明因模仿而产生的犯罪行为有急剧的增长,这佐证了电视中的暴力元素直接地导致了日益增长的犯罪率。
※成年人犯罪行为的原因可以结合社会类话题来思考,一方面科学研究的确表明谋杀等犯罪行为和基因遗传有一定的联系,另一方面成年人的犯罪行为更多的与其所处的环境有关,比如贫富差距过大,缺少必要的生存技能,教育程度低导致的法律意识淡薄等。
☆相关语料
homicide 他杀
murder 谋杀
gene 基因
inheritance 遗传
growth environment 成长环境
less educated 教育程度低
wealth gap between rich and poor 贫富差距
相关例句:
1. Some people dohave the tendency of violence that is probably inherited via their genes.
有人确实天生具有暴力倾向,这可能是从基因中遗传而来的。
2. Individuals havesome inherited characteristics and these can be significant in affecting their personalitiesand behaviors.
人们都有一些遗传的特征,这些特征对他们的性格和行为有很大的影响。
解决方案方面,需要结合前面的原因讨论给出有针对性的提议。
※根据青少年犯罪的特点,更多地考虑到年龄段的特殊性来制定惩罚措施。除非是恶性犯罪或者惯犯,需要投入监狱并辅以教育,其他的较为轻微的犯罪行为,应该以教育为主并且辅以社区义务劳动。
☆相关语料
malicious 恶性的、恶意的
take into account/consideration 考虑在内
receive different penalty 接受不同的惩罚
punish (punishment) = penalize (penalty) 惩罚
community service 社区义务服务
provide favorable educational environment 提供良好的教育环境
※成年人犯罪要充分考虑到犯罪动机和社会影响,以囚禁和教育(法律知识、生存技能和心理辅导)相结合的形式进行惩处,最终达到防止再次犯罪的目的。
☆相关语料
criminal motive 犯罪动机
social influence/impact 社会影响
strengthen/enhance one’s law-abiding awareness 提高守法意识
commit crime again 再次犯罪
combine = integrate 结合、综合
※家庭方面,父母要多关注孩子的成长和心理变化,并且与学校加强沟通和互动,及时发现问题,防微杜渐。父母本身也要做好榜样,日常生活中避免家庭暴力并遵纪守法。
☆相关语料
physical and psychological well-being 身心健康
communication and interaction 沟通和互动
set an example for 树立榜样
role model 行为榜样
domestic violence 家庭暴力
observe discipline 遵纪
abide by laws 守法
※社会方面,完善相关立法,违法必究,执法必严。同时要对媒体和网络内容加强审查,建立分级制度。此外还要注重社会公平,缩小贫富差距,维持社会稳定和和谐。增强警力并且在公共场所安装更多的摄像头,对潜在的犯罪分子产生威慑作用。
☆相关语料
legislation 立法
implement = carry out 执行
censorship 审查
supervise = monitor 监管
purify the cyber world 净化网络世界
legislation 立法
enact laws 出台、制定法律
stability 稳定
harmony 和谐
bridge/narrow the gap 缩小差距
police force 警力
surveillance camera 监控摄像头
另一个考察方向是青少年犯罪是否应该和成年人犯罪采取同样的惩罚方式,这里可以重点分析这二者的区别,头脑风暴可以参考上文所提及的青少年犯罪和成年人犯罪的原因,文中让步段可以稍微提一下相同的惩罚措施是对法律公平性的体现,但是主体段还是分析二者巨大的差异性而提出不该同罪同罚的论点,并且点明同罪同罚对于青少年以后的人生和成长不利。
☆相关语料
fixed punishment = be punished alike = receive identical punishment同罪同罚
disparity = difference 差异
characteristic = feature = trait 特点
personalized = customized 个性化的、因人而异的
最后一个考察方向是警察是否应该配枪的问题,这个话题的考察频率最低(仅在2004年、2011年和2014年出现过),但是难度很大,很多考生如果没有思考过类似的问题,很难在考场上短时间内完成该话题的写作。所以该话题的头脑风暴应该有以下几个方向。
※支持警察配枪的理由包括:这么做既可以有效地处理正在发生的犯罪行为并且终结混乱,又可以威慑潜在犯罪行为并保障公共安全。其次,配备枪支可以保障警察的人身安全,在面临暴徒的时候可以做到自我防卫。最后配枪行为也是一个执法力的象征,让普通民众感到安全。
☆相关语料
possess guns 持有枪支
armed police 武装警察
gun control 枪支管控
effectively and efficiently 有效并且高效
crack down on 制裁、镇压
crime scene 犯罪现场
chaos = mess 混乱
a symbol of capability to enforce the law 执法能力的象征
deter 威慑
terrorism 恐怖主义
potential crime 潜在犯罪
personal security 人身安全
public safety 公共安全
self-defense 自我防卫
sense of safety/security 安全感
※反对警察配枪的理由包括,警察可能会滥用枪支,在与持枪罪犯的交火中导致无辜民众受伤,增加了执法的风险。但是训练有素的警察是可以降低这一风险的,所以反方提出的风险是可以被减小和规避的。
☆相关语料
abuse 滥用
accidental injury = be shot by mistake 误伤
innocent 无辜的
civilian 平民、民众
pedestrian 行人
well-trained 训练有素的
risky 有风险的
evade 避免、规避
最后,希望考生们在平时可以多读书、多观察、多思考,在准备各个话题的时候都可以问自己两个问题,第一写什么,第二怎样去写。前者是解决话题的切入点,让自己变得有话可说,后者是关注词汇、语法和论证,让自己的观点能够被读者理解并且信服。当然,作文从本质上而言是写出来的,而并非是看出来或者想出来的,所以各位考生还是要多多练笔,多修改才能有进步。
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